危廢暫存間作為危險廢物臨時存放的關鍵場所，其安裝標準關乎環(huán)境安全與企業(yè)合規(guī)運營。嚴格遵循相關標準進行建設，不僅能有效防止危險廢物泄漏、擴散，減少對土壤、水體和大氣的污染，還能確保企業(yè)避免因違規(guī)建設而面臨的法律風險與經濟損失。這些標準涵蓋選址、建筑結構、分區(qū)管理、安全設施、通風系統(tǒng)、標識與臺賬等多個層面，共同構成一個嚴密的安全防護體系。

　　As a key location for the temporary storage of hazardous waste, the installation standards of the hazardous waste temporary storage room are related to environmental safety and corporate compliance operations. Strictly following relevant standards for construction can not only effectively prevent the leakage and spread of hazardous waste, reduce pollution to soil, water and atmosphere, but also ensure that enterprises avoid legal risks and economic losses caused by illegal construction. These standards cover multiple aspects such as site selection, building structure, zoning management, safety facilities, ventilation systems, signage, and ledger, collectively forming a rigorous safety protection system.

　　選址層面，危廢暫存間應遠離水源保護區(qū)、居民區(qū)上風向以及地下水位高的區(qū)域。水源保護區(qū)對水質要求極高，一旦危廢泄漏，將對飲用水安全造成嚴重威脅；設在居民區(qū)上風向，泄漏產生的有害氣體易隨氣流擴散至居民聚居區(qū)，危害居民健康；地下水位高的區(qū)域則增加了防滲難度，一旦發(fā)生滲漏，危險廢物中的有害物質容易滲透到地下水中。理想的選址應位于地質穩(wěn)定、運輸便利的廠區(qū)邊緣，這樣既便于危險廢物的收集與轉運，又能與廠區(qū)核心生產區(qū)保持安全距離，降低安全風險。同時，要遠離火源與高溫設備，防止因火災或高溫引發(fā)危險廢物的化學反應，導致爆炸或泄漏。

　　At the site selection level, hazardous waste storage rooms should be located away from water source protection areas, upwind residential areas, and areas with high groundwater levels. Water source protection areas have extremely high requirements for water quality. Once hazardous waste leaks, it will pose a serious threat to the safety of drinking water; Located in the upwind direction of residential areas, harmful gases generated by leaks are prone to spread to residential areas with the airflow, posing a threat to residents' health; Areas with high groundwater levels increase the difficulty of anti-seepage. Once leakage occurs, harmful substances in hazardous waste can easily penetrate into the groundwater. The ideal site selection should be located at the edge of the factory area with stable geology and convenient transportation, which not only facilitates the collection and transportation of hazardous waste, but also maintains a safe distance from the core production area of the factory area, reducing safety risks. At the same time, it is necessary to stay away from fire sources and high-temperature equipment to prevent chemical reactions of hazardous waste caused by fires or high temperatures, which may lead to explosions or leaks.

　　建筑結構方面，防滲是重中之重。地面必須采用雙層防滲設計，如 HDPE 膜與混凝土結合，確保滲透系數不超過 10cm/s，從根源上阻止危險廢物滲漏至地下。墻面應設置 1.2 米高的防滲墻，并涂抹防腐涂層，以抵御危險廢物中酸堿等腐蝕性物質的侵蝕。屋頂需具備良好的防雨防曬性能，防止雨水沖刷導致危險廢物外流，以及陽光直射引發(fā)廢物變質。同時，要配備通風口，保證空氣流通，降低有害氣體積聚的風險。建筑材料的選擇必須與危險廢物相容，避免發(fā)生化學反應，影響暫存間的穩(wěn)定性與安全性。

　　In terms of building structure, anti-seepage is of utmost importance. The ground must adopt a double-layer anti-seepage design, such as combining HDPE film with concrete, to ensure that the permeability coefficient does not exceed 10cm/s, and to prevent hazardous waste from leaking underground from the root. The wall should be equipped with a 1.2-meter-high impermeable wall and coated with anti-corrosion coating to resist the erosion of corrosive substances such as acid and alkali in hazardous waste. The roof should have good rain and sun protection properties to prevent the outflow of hazardous waste caused by rainwater erosion and waste deterioration caused by direct sunlight. At the same time, ventilation openings should be equipped to ensure air circulation and reduce the risk of harmful gas accumulation. The selection of building materials must be compatible with hazardous waste to avoid chemical reactions that may affect the stability and safety of the temporary storage room.

　　分區(qū)管理旨在避免危險廢物混放帶來的潛在風險。不同類別的危險廢物，如易燃、腐蝕性、毒性等，應分區(qū)分庫存放。對于液態(tài)廢物區(qū)，需設置圍堰，其容積應不低于最大容器的儲量，以便在容器泄漏時能及時收集泄漏液體，防止外流。不相容的廢物之間應保持至少 3 米的間隔，例如酸與堿、氧化劑與還原劑等，防止相互接觸引發(fā)劇烈反應。每個貯存分區(qū)都應設置清晰的標識，注明所存放危險廢物的類別、特性等信息，便于管理與識別。

　　Partition management aims to avoid potential risks caused by the mixing of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste of different categories, such as flammable, corrosive, toxic, etc., should be stored in separate areas and warehouses. For the liquid waste area, a cofferdam should be set up with a volume not less than the maximum storage capacity of the container, in order to collect the leaked liquid in a timely manner in case of container leakage and prevent outflow. Incompatible waste should be kept at least 3 meters apart, such as acid and alkali, oxidant and reducing agent, to prevent contact and violent reactions. Each storage zone should be clearly labeled, indicating the category, characteristics, and other information of the hazardous waste being stored for easy management and identification.

　　安全設施是危廢暫存間的重要保障。應配備防爆燈具，防止因電氣設備產生的火花引發(fā)危險廢物燃燒或爆炸；滅火器的類型需與危廢特性相匹配，如針對易燃危廢配備干粉滅火器，針對電氣火災配備二氧化碳滅火器。泄漏應急物資不可或缺，如吸附棉可用于吸附泄漏的液體，沙桶可用于覆蓋易燃危廢，應急池則用于收集大量泄漏的危險廢物。同時，為保障工作人員的安全，還應設置洗眼器與噴淋裝置，確保在 15 秒內工作人員能夠迅速使用，以應對危險廢物濺入眼睛或接觸皮膚的緊急情況。

　　Safety facilities are an important guarantee for the temporary storage of hazardous waste. Explosion proof lighting fixtures should be equipped to prevent the combustion or explosion of hazardous waste caused by sparks generated by electrical equipment; The type of fire extinguisher should match the characteristics of hazardous waste, such as equipping dry powder fire extinguishers for flammable hazardous waste and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers for electrical fires. Emergency supplies for leaks are indispensable, such as absorbent cotton for absorbing leaked liquids, sand buckets for covering flammable hazardous waste, and emergency pools for collecting large amounts of leaked hazardous waste. At the same time, in order to ensure the safety of the staff, eye wash stations and spray devices should also be installed to ensure that the staff can quickly use them within 15 seconds to respond to emergency situations where hazardous waste splashes into the eyes or comes into contact with the skin.

　　通風系統(tǒng)對于保持暫存間內空氣清新、降低有害氣體濃度至關重要。應采用強制通風方式，確保換氣次數每小時不少于 6 次，及時排出危險廢物揮發(fā)產生的有害氣體。同時，安裝 VOC / 有毒氣體報警器，并與排風系統(tǒng)聯動，當檢測到有害氣體濃度超標時，能自動啟動排風裝置，降低室內有害氣體濃度，保障環(huán)境安全。

　　The ventilation system is crucial for maintaining fresh air and reducing the concentration of harmful gases in the temporary storage room. Forced ventilation should be adopted to ensure that the air exchange rate is not less than 6 times per hour, and the harmful gases generated by the volatilization of hazardous waste should be promptly discharged. At the same time, install VOC/toxic gas alarms and link them with the exhaust system. When the concentration of harmful gases exceeds the standard, the exhaust device can be automatically activated to reduce indoor harmful gas concentration and ensure environmental safety.

　　標識與臺賬管理是危廢暫存間規(guī)范化運營的重要環(huán)節(jié)。危險廢物標簽應嚴格按照 GB 18597 標準制作，清晰標注廢物名稱、代碼、危險特性等關鍵信息。在暫存間內，采用黃黑相間的警示線與文字說明進行分區(qū)標識，明確各區(qū)域的功能與所存放危險廢物的種類。建立電子臺賬，詳細記錄危險廢物的來源、數量、去向等信息，保存期限不少于 10 年，以便隨時追溯與監(jiān)管。此外，工作人員需持證上崗，通過專業(yè)的危廢管理培訓，熟悉危廢暫存間的操作規(guī)范與應急處置流程，確保日常管理的專業(yè)性與安全性。

　　Identification and ledger management are important links in the standardized operation of hazardous waste storage rooms. Hazardous waste labels should be strictly produced in accordance with the GB 18597 standard, clearly indicating key information such as waste name, code, hazardous characteristics, etc. In the temporary storage room, yellow and black warning lines and text instructions are used for zoning identification, clarifying the functions of each area and the types of hazardous waste stored. Establish an electronic ledger to record in detail the source, quantity, destination, and other information of hazardous waste, with a retention period of no less than 10 years, for easy traceability and supervision at any time. In addition, staff members need to hold certificates and undergo professional hazardous waste management training to familiarize themselves with the operating procedures and emergency response processes of hazardous waste storage rooms, ensuring the professionalism and safety of daily management.

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